Chapter 8: Issues and Debates

A-level PsychologyAQA 718212 topicsHigher

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alevel · psychology · AQA 7182 · All papers

Releases 1 August 2026

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AQA A-Level Psychology: Issues and Debates - Authored Long Answer Questions

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4 questions36 marks54 min

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PSY08: Research summary for Issues and Debates

Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Rushton (1995), AQA specification evidence, research summary

Ainsworth classified attachment types using the Strange Situation; later cross-cultural use raises debates about imposed etic and cultural bias.

PSY08A Outline two features of free will and determinism, nature-nurture, reductionism, idiographic and nomothetic approaches, gender bias, cultural bias and socially sensitive research. Refer to Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Rushton (1995) where relevant.

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Item PSY08: Applied Psychology scenario

AQA Psychology classroom scenario, 2026

Scenario detail: A researcher claims one universal explanation can account for behaviour in every culture.; Relevant named study: Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Rushton (1995)

PSY08B Apply free will and determinism, nature-nurture, reductionism, idiographic and nomothetic approaches, gender bias, cultural bias and socially sensitive research to Item PSY08. Use the scenario and at least one named study in your answer.

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PSY08: Research summary for Issues and Debates

Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Rushton (1995), AQA specification evidence, research summary

Ainsworth classified attachment types using the Strange Situation; later cross-cultural use raises debates about imposed etic and cultural bias.

PSY08C Discuss free will and determinism, nature-nurture, reductionism, idiographic and nomothetic approaches, gender bias, cultural bias and socially sensitive research. In your answer, refer to Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Rushton (1995) and evaluate research evidence.

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PSY08: Method evidence for Issues and Debates

Sample size (participants)	Outcome score (standardised score)
24	62
24	54

PSY08D Evaluate methodological and ethical issues in research into free will and determinism, nature-nurture, reductionism, idiographic and nomothetic approaches, gender bias, cultural bias and socially sensitive research, including Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Rushton (1995).

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7. Research Methods

9. Relationships

Key learning objectives

Understand the key principles behind Issues and Debates.
Apply these ideas to exam-style questions.
Recall the essential definitions and key terms.

Sample size (participants)

Outcome score (standardised score)